Pregnancy is a critical period during which adequate and balanced nutrition is essential for optimal fetal growth and development. The nutritional status of the expectant mother directly influences fetal weight gain during the intrauterine period. This article addresses the essential nutrients that support fetal weight gain during pregnancy and the food groups that provide these nutrients. Healthy fetal weight gain during pregnancy is an important determinant in reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality. Insufficient fetal weight gain is associated with low birth weight, prematurity, and neonatal complications. Therefore, meeting the energy and nutrient requirements of the expectant mother is of great importance.

Importance of Energy and Protein Intake​

Adequate energy intake is necessary for fetal tissue development and weight gain. Particularly during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, increased energy requirements should be appropriately reflected in the mother’s daily dietary plan.


Protein is a fundamental macronutrient for fetal cell proliferation and organ development. Insufficient protein intake may increase the risk of intrauterine growth restriction. Therefore, it is recommended that daily protein requirements be met through high-quality protein sources.

Food Groups Supporting Fetal Weight Gain​

Protein Sources​

• Eggs
• Red meat and poultry
• Fish
• Milk and dairy products
• Legumes

These foods contribute to fetal weight gain by supporting muscle and tissue development.

Healthy Fats​

Omega-3 fatty acids are particularly important for fetal brain development and weight gain.

• Fatty fish (e.g., salmon, sardines)
• Walnuts
• Flaxseeds
• Olive oil

Carbohydrate Sources​

Complex carbohydrates provide sustained energy and support fetal growth.

• Whole grains
• Bulgur
• Oats
• Potatoes

Avoidance of simple sugars is important for healthy weight gain.

Vitamins and Minerals​

• Iron: Supports fetal development by enhancing oxygen transport.
• Zinc: Essential for cell division and growth.
• Calcium: Contributes to bone and tooth development.
• Folic Acid: Critical for cell proliferation and tissue development.

These micronutrients can be obtained from green leafy vegetables, dairy products, nuts, and whole grains.

Effects of Inadequate and Unbalanced Nutrition​

Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of reduced fetal weight gain, intrauterine growth restriction, and postnatal health problems. Additionally, excessive and unbalanced nutrition may also lead to adverse outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

Healthy fetal weight gain during pregnancy is closely associated with adequate and balanced maternal nutrition. A dietary pattern rich in protein, energy, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals plays a fundamental role in supporting fetal growth. Therefore, it is recommended that nutritional programs tailored to individual needs be planned under the guidance of healthcare professionals throughout pregnancy.